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Paul Stewart (born Paul Sternberg; March 13, 1908 – February 17, 1986) was an American character actor, director and producer who worked in theatre, radio, films and television. He frequently portrayed cynical and sinister characters throughout his lengthy career. A friend and associate of Orson Welles for many years, he helped Welles get his first job in radio and was associate producer of the celebrated radio program "The War of the Worlds", in which he also performed. One of the Mercury Theatre players who made their film debut in Welles's landmark film ''Citizen Kane'', Stewart portrayed Kane's butler and valet, Raymond. He appeared in 50 films, and performed in or directed some 5,000 radio and television shows. == Biography == Paul Stewart was born in Manhattan March 13, 1908, as Paul Sternberg.〔Ancestry.com, ''New York, New York, Birth Index 1878–1909'', Certificate Number 16276 (online ), Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-24.〕 His parents were Maurice D. Sternberg, a salesman and credit agent for a textile manufacturer, and Nathalie C. (Nathanson) Sternberg; both were born in Minneapolis.〔Ancestry.com, ''1930 United States Federal Census'' (on-line ). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2002. Retrieved 2014-10-24.〕 Stewart attended public school and completed two years at Columbia University,〔Ancestry.com, ''1940 United States Federal Census'' (on-line ). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc., 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-24.〕〔Katz, Ephraim, Fred Klein; Ronald Dean Nolan, ''The Film Encyclopedia'' (Third Edition). New York: HarperPerennial, 1998. ISBN 9780062734921 page 1311.〕 studying law. He had received first place in the Belasco Theatre Tournament in 1925 and decided on an acting career.〔 Stewart began his stage career in New York as teenager.〔 He made his Broadway debut in 1930, in ''Subway Express''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Who's Who in the Cast )〕 He next appeared in the 1931 play, ''Two Seconds'', adapted as a film the next year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Paul Stewart )〕 In 1932, after two additional Broadway credits,〔〔 Stewart moved to Cincinnati and went to work at radio station WLW.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Paul Stewart, A Heavyweight Among Heavies )〕 It was there in 1928 that radio pioneer Fred Smith had created the program ''Newscasting'', which in 1931 evolved into the popular national news series, ''The March of Time''.〔"Fred Smith, Radio Pioneer, Dies; Helped Create 'March of Time'". ''The New York Times'', August 15, 1976〕 For 13 months Stewart worked in all aspects of radio production at WLW — acting, announcing, directing, producing, writing and creating sound effects. When he returned to New York he was on ''The March of Time''〔 and a member of radio's elite corps of actors. In 1934 Stewart introduced Orson Welles to director Knowles Entrikin, who gave Welles his first job on radio, on ''The American School of the Air''.〔Welles, Orson, and Peter Bogdanovich, edited by Jonathan Rosenbaum, ''This is Orson Welles''. New York: HarperCollins Publishers 1992 ISBN 0-06-016616-9.〕 "I'd been turning up for auditions and never landing a job until I met Paul Stewart," Welles recalled. "He's a lovely man; for years he was one of the main pillars of our Mercury broadcasts. He can't be given too much credit."〔 In March 1935 Stewart saw Welles's stage performance in Archibald MacLeish's verse play ''Panic'', and recommended him to director Homer Fickett. Welles was auditioned and hired to join the repertory company that presented ''The March of Time''.〔Noble, Peter, ''The Fabulous Orson Welles''. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1956.〕 "It was like a stock company, whose members were the aristocrats of this relatively new profession of radio acting," wrote fellow actor Joseph Julian. At that time Julian had to content himself with being an indistinguishable voice in crowd scenes, envying this "hallowed circle" that included Stewart, Welles, Kenny Delmar, Arlene Francis, Gary Merrill, Agnes Moorehead, Jeanette Nolan, Everett Sloane, Richard Widmark,〔Julian, Joseph, ''This Was Radio: A Personal Memoir''. New York: Viking Press, 1975. ISBN 9780670702992〕 Art Carney, Ray Collins, Pedro de Cordoba, Ted de Corsia, Juano Hernandez, Nancy Kelly, John McIntire, Jack Smart and Dwight Weist. ''The March of Time'' was one of radio's most popular shows.〔 Stewart was a founder of the American Federation of Radio Artists in August 1937, and one of its inaugural officers.〔〔Harvey, Rita Morley, ''Those Wonderful, Terrible Years: George Heller and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists''. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8093-2022-3〕 He carried card number 39 in the union and was a frequent delegate at the national convention.〔 He was also a board member of the Screen Actors Guild, and a member of the Directors Guild of America and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.〔 Stewart played various roles throughout Welles's memorable tenure as Lamont Cranston in ''The Shadow'' (September 1937–September 1938).〔〔 In 1938 Welles expanded the range of the Mercury Theatre from Broadway to network radio with his CBS series, ''The Mercury Theatre on the Air'', and Stewart became his associate producer.〔Houseman, John, ''Run Through: A Memoir''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1972, ISBN 0-671-21034-3〕 In addition to playing a number of roles in the drama series and its sponsored continuation, ''The Campbell Playhouse'', Stewart made significant contributions to the celebrated broadcast, "The War of the Worlds", as rehearsal director, actor and co-writer.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Mercury Theatre )〕 Welles later said that Stewart deserved the largest share of the credit for the quality of "The War of the Worlds".〔McBride, Joseph, ''What Ever Happened to Orson Welles? A Portrait of an Independent Career''. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2006, ISBN 0-8131-2410-7〕〔Welles, Orson, and Peter Bogdanovich, ''This is Orson Welles''. HarperAudio, September 30, 1992. ISBN 1559946806 Audiotape 4A 8:40–9:15. Welles told Bogdanovich, "I think the man who gets the biggest credit for that show is Paul Stewart. He was my acting director. He did an awful lot of that work before I even got into it. All the technical side was worked out before … He did that awfully well."〕 In 1939 Stewart was married to actress and singer Peg LaCentra (1910–1996), a vocalist with Artie Shaw's first orchestra who worked in radio, films and television.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Peg LaCentra, 86, a Singer With Shaw Orchestra )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Peg LaCentra, The Complete Recordings )〕 That September Welles called Stewart in New York.〔〔Stewart was initially cast in ''Heart of Darkness'', the first film Welles proposed to do for RKO, which was eventually shelved.〕〔Meryman, Richard, ''Mank: The Wit, World and Life of Herman Mankiewicz''. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1978 ISBN 0-688-03356-3〕 "The telephone rang and I heard the unmistakable voice of Orson Welles, speaking from California," Stewart recalled: Well, when Orson said he had a part for you, you went. So I left New York to play my first role in a picture at 500 dollars a week, three weeks' guarantee. I was on ''Citizen Kane'' for 11 weeks. … My first shot was a close-up in which Orson wanted a special smoke effect from my cigarette. I was rigged with tube that went under my clothes and down my finger to the cigarette, but somehow the contraption wouldn't exude smoke. "I want long cigarettes — the Russian kind!" Orson ordered. Everyone waited while the prop man fetched some Russian cigarettes. Just before the scene Orson Welles warned me: "Your head is going to fill the screen at the Radio City Music Hall" — at that time ''Citizen Kane'' was booked for the Music Hall. Then he said in his gruff manner, "Turn 'em." But just before I started, he added quietly in his warm voice, "Good luck." I blew the first take. It was 30, 40 takes before I completed a shot that Orson liked — and I had only one line. That was almost 30 years ago, but even today I have people repeat it to me, including young students. The line was: "Rosebud … I'll tell you about Rosebud …" Stewart's most famous role is his screen debut as Raymond, the cynical butler in ''Citizen Kane'' (1941).〔McBride, Joseph, ''What Ever Happened to Orson Welles? A Portrait of an Independent Career''. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2006, ISBN 0-8131-2410-7〕 Actress Ruth Warrick, who portrayed Kane's first wife, remembered Stewart saying to her at the film's New York premiere, "From this night on, wherever we go or whatever we do in our lives, we will always be identified with ''Citizen Kane''."〔Vallance, Tom, "Obituary: Ruth Warrick; Actress Best Remembered for Citizen Kane". ''The Independent'', January 20, 2005.〕 On the stage, Stewart appeared in the Mercury Theatre's acclaimed production of ''Native Son'', directed by Welles and produced by John Houseman at the St. James Theatre March 24–June 28, 1941.〔〔"The Play: 'Native Son,' by Paul Green and Richard Wright, Put On by Orson Welles and John Houseman". Atkinson, Brooks, ''The New York Times'', March 25, 1941.〕 During World War II Stewart served with the New York-based Office of War Information (1941–43)〔 and narrated documentaries including ''The World at War'' (1942).〔 He worked under John Houseman at the newly created Voice of America (1942–43), broadcasting news, editorials and commentary from the U.S. press, and quotes from notable speeches, to audiences in Europe.〔 When Houseman took his oath of allegiance as a U.S. citizen in March 1943, he chose Stewart to accompany him as his witness.〔 Stewart was given leave to go to Hollywood to act in a few wartime films, including ''Mr. Lucky'' (1943),〔 and worked as a barker in ''The Mercury Wonder Show'', a magic-and-variety show produced by Welles and Joseph Cotten as a morale-boosting entertainment for U.S. soldiers.〔 Because of his comprehensive radio experience, Stewart was called upon by U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. to prepare radio programs used to promote the purchase of War Bonds during World War II.〔 He produced and directed Welles's Fifth War Loan broadcast from the Hollywood Bowl June 14, 1944,〔 and produced, directed and acted in a number of patriotic episodes of the ''Cavalcade of America'' radio series.〔 After the war Stewart went to work for David O. Selznick and Dore Schary as a writer, director and producer, and directed screen tests for Paramount Pictures.〔 Stewart's many feature film credits as an actor include ''The Window'', ''Champion'', ''Twelve O'Clock High'', ''Deadline - U.S.A.'', ''The Bad and the Beautiful'', ''The Juggler'', ''Kiss Me Deadly'', ''King Creole'', ''In Cold Blood'', ''The Day of the Locust'' and ''W.C. Fields and Me'', in which he portrayed Florenz Ziegfeld. In 1950 Stewart took over the role of Doc in Joshua Logan's Broadway production of ''Mister Roberts'', starring Henry Fonda.〔 On television, Stewart's director credits include the syndicated series, ''Top Secret'' (1954–55), in which he costarred with the young Gena Rowlands, and a notable episode of the TV series ''The Twilight Zone'', "Little Girl Lost" (1962). He was host and narrator of the syndicated series ''Deadline'' (1959–61) and appeared in episodes of ''The Ford Theatre Hour'', ''Suspense'', ''Playhouse 90'', ''Alcoa Theatre'', ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'', ''The Asphalt Jungle'', ''Perry Mason'', ''Dr. Kildare'', ''Mannix'', ''Mission Impossible'', ''The Name of the Game'' ("L.A. 2017"), ''McMillan & Wife'', ''Columbo'', ''The Rockford Files'', ''Lou Grant'' and ''Remington Steele'', among many other TV series. Orson Welles called upon Stewart to play a role in his film, ''The Other Side of the Wind'', shot in the 1970s and left unfinished. When Welles died at his home in Hollywood October 10, 1985, Stewart was the first of his friends to arrive.〔 Stewart died of heart failure at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on February 17, 1986, after a long illness.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Paul Stewart is Dead at 77; Stage, Screen and TV Actor )〕 He had suffered a heart attack in 1974 during the first two weeks' filming of Richard Brooks's Western, ''Bite the Bullet'', in which he was replaced.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bite the Bullet )〕 In the 1999 film ''RKO 281'', Paul Stewart was portrayed by Adrian Schiller. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Paul Stewart (actor)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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